Mise agus Seanadoir Frances Black Two weeks ago I attended the launch in Kilmainham Prison of the Centenary Exhibition of the life of Nelson Mandela. The exhibition was a testimony to the extraordinary courage of Mandela and to those in South Africa, and in the African National Congress, who struggled for freedom and equality inside and outside of south Africa. It was also a reminder of theobscenity of the National Party’s system of apartheid or so-called ‘ separate development.’ The Apartheid policy was one of the great evils of the 20 th century. It allowed the white National Party government to exercise control over the people of south Africa. Its roots were in the colonisation of south Africa by European powers, including the British. The policy began to take formal shape in the years after south African independence in 1910. The 1913 Land Act, gave legal status to territorial segregation. Native Africans were forced to live in designated areas. Thirty-five years later